Este artículo examina el uso de cloruro de potasio (KCl) en abortos después de las 20 semanas de gestación y las implicaciones éticas, médicas y legales de esta práctica. Hay preocupaciones sobre el posible sufrimiento del feto, ya que investigaciones indican que podría sentir dolor antes de lo que se creía. Además, el uso de KCl, prohibido en la eutanasia animal por el dolor que causa, resulta contradictorio cuando se respalda su uso en fetos humanos. El texto pide revisar las (...) políticas actuales para que se ajusten a la evidencia científica y respeten la dignidad de todos los involucrados. (shrink)

This paper develops the very basic notions of analysis in a weak second-order theory of arithmetic BTFA whose provably total functions are the polynomial time computable functions. We formalize within BTFA the real number system and the notion of a continuous real function of a real variable. The theory BTFA is able to prove the intermediate value theorem, wherefore it follows that the system of real numbers is a real closed ordered field. In the last section of the paper, we (...) show how to interpret the theory BTFA in Robinson's theory of arithmetic Q. This fact entails that the elementary theory of the real closed ordered fields is interpretable in Q. (shrink)

We prove two conservation results involving a generalization of the principle of strict ${\Pi^1_1}$ -reflection, in the context of bounded arithmetic. In this context a separation between the concepts of bounded set and binary sequence seems to emerge as fundamental.

In this paper we give a partial answer to a conjecture of Tanaka. We prove that: if WKL0 proves a sentence of the form (∀X)(∃!Y)ψ(X, Y) for a Σ03-formula ψ, then so does RCA0.

O presente artigo tem por objetivo discutir o conceito de natalidade e sua relação com o fenômeno revolucionário a partir do pensamento de Hannah Arendt. Para tanto, laçaremos mão de algumas obras de referência da autora para pensar tal categoria, a saber: Origens do Totalitarismo (1951), A condição humana (1951) e Sobre a Revolução (1963). Para Arendt, o conceito de natalidade está diretamente relacionado a capacidade dos indivíduos de iniciarem coisas novas no mundo, isto é, de serem iniciadores de um (...) mundo inteiramente novo. O fenômeno revolucionário moderno, por sua vez, representa um novus ardo saeclorum, uma novidade que se tornou possível por meio da ação conjunta dos homens e da capacidade de começar própria daqueles que são os recém-chegados ao mundo. Portanto, nosso problema consiste em constatar a centralidade do conceito de natalidade no pensamento político de Arendt, bem como sua relação com o fenômeno revolucionário moderno. (shrink)

Vertebrates respond to light with more than just their eyes. In this article, we speculate on the intriguing possibility that a link remains between non‐visual opsins and neurohormonal systems that control neuronal circuit formation and activity in mammals. Historically, the retina and pineal gland were considered the only significant light‐sensing tissues in vertebrates. However over the last century, evidence has accumulated arguing that extra‐ocular tissues in vertebrates influence behavior through non‐image‐forming photoreception. One such class of extra‐ocular light detectors are the (...) long mysterious deep brain photoreceptors. Here, we review recent findings on the cellular identity and the function of deep brain photoreceptors controlling behavior and physiology in zebrafish, and discuss their implications. (shrink)

O proposito desse artigo é examinar a partir do pensamento político de Hannah Arendt a distinção entre esfera pública e esfera privada, e o modo como na modernidade a esfera da vida privada alcançou uma significação pública jamais tida antes. Para tanto, iniciamos pela divisão que os gregos e os romanos faziam dessas duas esferas, dando mais ênfase para os gregos, onde as questões relativas ao campo da vida privada jamais podiam adentrar ao domínio público. Portanto, é somente na modernidade (...) que a esfera pública tornou-se apenas uma função da esfera privada, possibilitando, assim, que a vida e a necessidade ascendessem ao centro da questão política. (shrink)

Com este artigo pretende-se argumentar pela possibilidade de uma escrita historiográfica em instância memorial, fazendo valer argumentos já esgrimidos por Ortega y Gasset, agora revistos criticamente desde uma base pragmatista. Pretende-se igualmente dar uma primeira resposta ao problema da relação de prioridade entre a história e a vida, mostrando que a vida tem desde logo um sentido historial.

Partindo de uma posição rortiana, o presente artigo pretende mostrar até que ponto o conceito de verdade em Ortega y Gasset, apesar do seu perspectivismo e da defesa do raciovitalismo como razão histórica, está preso, em última análise, a uma perspectiva representacionista e a um conceito forte de verdade. O pensamento de Ortega sobre o conceito de verdade é travejado por muitas asserções afins ao pragmatismo. As consequências do seu pensamento têm uma clara incidência pragmatista, não obstante o desenvolvimento intencional (...) da sua filosofia ser claramente metafísico, o que, segundo o autor do presente artigo, acaba por o enredar num conjunto de aporias de modo que teria sido mais remunerador e consequente explorar uma via pragmatista até ao fim, e abandonar um conceito forte de verdade. /// Departing from a Rortian position, the present article intends to show that the concept of truth in Ortega, in spite of his perspectivism and of the defence of ratiovitalism as historic reason, is attached, ultimately, to a representationist perspective and to a hard concept of truth. Ortega's thought about the concept of truth is structured by many assertions closed to pragmatism. Even though his thought has a clear pragmatic incidence, still the intentional development of his philosophy is clearly metaphysical, which, finally, gets caught in a number of aporiae that, according to the author of the article, make it clear that it would have been better and more consistent to explore the pragmatist way to the end, and to abandon his hard concept of truth. (shrink)

Todas as sociedades possuem uma cultura que dita as regras de ser e de estar em sociedade. A cultura é uma das práticas mais importantes da afirmação da identidade de um povo. As culturas mudam à medida que a sociedade se adapta aos novos modelos de vida. Em muitos casos, o que provoca mudanças é o contato entre povos fazendo com que um grupo assimila práticas do outro. A pesquisa visou compreender a problemática da violência contra as mulheres idosas em (...) São Tomé e Príncipe. Quanto à metodologia a pesquisa usou uma abordagem qualitativa usando como instrumentos de coleta entrevista e o questionário que foram aplicadas em três instituições de acolhimento de pessoas idosas. Da pesquisa se conclui que os idosos em STP merecem respeito por parte da sociedade da política em especial. Concluiu-se que as idosas precisam de ser respeitadas nas suas identidades para que vivam os seus dias com saúde mental adequada. A falta de políticas públicas da proteção dos idosos é preocupante em STP e seria importante que houvesse intervenção rápida do poder público. (shrink)

The recent pandemic and consequent lockdown had a substantial impact on mental health and optimism regarding the future. Previous research showed that levels of depression, anxiety, and stress had increased throughout the pandemic. Nonetheless, how individuals cope when faced with adversity may be associated with positive expectations regarding the future. A sample of 274 Portuguese workers with a mean age of 40.86 and work experience of 19.68 years met inclusion criteria and agreed to participate in the proposed study. They represented (...) a variety of working classes. We investigated the associations between depression, stress, anxiety, adaptive and maladaptive coping, and optimism while controlling for working experience, gender, and work type. We found that depression was related to lower levels of optimism. However, for participants scoring high on adaptive coping and anxiety, higher scores of optimism were reported. Gender, work type, and experience did not significantly influence the results. These results provide evidence through which positive mental health can be promoted after the pandemic. (shrink)

A recente obra de Alexandre Franco de Sá (doravante AFS), recolhendo no essencial e após revisão, um conjunto de comunicações que o autor em boa hora publica, refere uma cerrada e notável argumentação em torno à operatividade contemporânea da filosofia política de Carl Schmitt. O presente trabalho ganha ainda mais ao ser complementado com a leitura do artigo publicado por AFS na Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia, fascículo 1 de 2003, intitulado "Do decisionismo à teologia política: Carl Schmitt...

Henri Lefebvre, em O Direito à Cidade, afirmou que a cidade desde a Idade Clássica foi um objeto especial para o pensamento filosófico: a própria filosofia nasceu na cidade. Outra questão, destacou, seria pensar em um direito à cidade, como direito à vida urbana, transformada, renovada, um direito em formação que ainda não teria entrado nos códigos formalizados. Esse conceito, criado pouco antes de Maio de 1968 e empregado por diversos movimentos sociais desde o fim da década de 1960 até (...) os dias atuais, inclusive no Brasil, foi depois discutido, entre outros autores, por David Harvey. No entanto, esses autores não realizaram exatamente uma articulação com a filosofia do Direito. O artigo tem como objetivo apontar algumas possibilidades dessa articulação, à luz dos movimentos relativos à reforma urbana e ao direito moradia no Brasil, e do processo internacional de criação desse direito. (shrink)

Research has demonstrated that policing is a stressful occupation and has a negative impact on police officers’ mental and physical health, performance, and interactions with citizens. Mental health at the workplace has become a concern due to the costs of depression, anxiety, burnout, and even suicide, which is high among police officers.To ameliorate occupational health, it is crucial therefore to identify stress and burnout levels on a regular basis. However, the instruments frequently used to measure stress have not valorized the (...) specificity of policing tasks. This study aims: i) conducting a literature review, to identify questionnaires used to assess occupational stress and burnout among police officers; ii) to analyze the psychometric characteristics of a Portuguese version of Operational Police Stress Questionnaire (PSQ-Op); and, using the PSQ-op and other questionnaires, iii) to identify operational stress, burnout, and distress levels among Portuguese police officers. The literature review identified 108 studies, which use a multiplicity of questionnaires to measure burnout or occupational stress among police officers, but few studies use specific police stress questionnaires. Sample sizes were mostly below 500 participants and studies were mainly developed in the last decade in the USA and Brazil, but also in another 24 countries, showing the extent of the interest in this topic. This study applied to 2057 police officers from National Portuguese Police, a force policing urban centers, the PSQ-Op, as well the Spanish Burnout Inventory and the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale.The results show that the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of PSQ-Op are adequate. Factorial analysis revealed two dimensions defined as social and work issues, which were associated with measures of distress and burnout.Fit indices suggested a second-order solution called operational police stress. Overall, and considering the scale range of each questionnaire, the results showed moderate values of operational stress, distress, and burnout. However, considering their cut-off points, 85% of the sample presented high operational stress levels, 11% critical values for burnout, and 28% high distress levels, with 55% of the sample at risk of psychological disorder. These results reinforce the need to prevent stress and to invest in police officers’ occupational health. (shrink)

Introduction: Resilience is a multidimensional and dynamic construct associated with positive growth and the capacity to transform stressful and negative factors into opportunities of personal development and self-improvement when faced with difficult experiences. The resilience process of each individual integrates multiple analysis levels, which range from genetic-environmental interactions to a complex process of adaptation between the individual and his/her family, friends, co-workers, society, and culture.Objective: To determine whether resilience improves in students of occupational therapy when exposed for the first time (...) to practice placement education.Methodology: Quasi-experimental, prospective, observational, multi-center study with a sample composed of students from the Degree of Occupational Therapy of the public universities of Málaga and Castilla-La Mancha. Two weeks prior to the beginning of the practice education period, the participants completed a questionnaire that included sociodemographic data and the area of their internships. They were also given the Spanish version of the Connor-Davidson's resilience scale. All these instruments were also completed 1 week after the end of the clinical practice.Results: There were statistically significant differences between the variables that make up resilience and the different internship areas. On the other hand, there was a significant improvement of global resilience after the clinical practice period, in both women and men, when the internship area was not considered.Conclusions: The results show that resilient students are more optimistic and work to improve a situation beyond doing simply what is expected of them, knowing how to control their feelings. This is beneficial for students in practice education, since, during these, they face difficult situations that require a resilient pattern, which helps reduce stress and the burnout syndrome. (shrink)

A teoria psicossomática aristotélico-tomista acerca das paixões constitui o fundamento principal da visão dos jesuítas nos séculos XVI e XVII. Tal conhecimento reflete-se na forma como o teólogo e pregador jesuíta Antonio Vieira (1608-1697) serviu-se de tais teorias, na arte da pregação, para mover os afetos, persuadir a razão e convencer os ouvintes. Desse modo, apresentamos os elementos essenciais que caracterizam a teologia da pregação, no período da Escolástica Barroca a partir do sermão das chagas de São Francisco. Neste sermão (...) o padre Antonio Vieira reconhece em Francisco de Assis a segunda estampa de Cristo crucificado. Além disso, discute as questões das paixões da alma na sua relação com os sentidos humanos e apresenta a unio mystica como expressão da conversão. Assim, no âmbito de uma espiritualidade que, como aquela dos jesuítas, valoriza o conhecimento de si mesmo, o sermão permite notar como se articulam no discurso o elemento psicológico e cognitivo, os aspectos da memória e da imaginação, dos afetos e da inteligência com a finalidade de converter e persuadir. (shrink)

System analyses deal with interrelationships between different variables that keep the system in balance. In many analysis of complex thinking, a system is viewed as a complex unit in which the ‘whole’ is not reduced to the ‘sum’ of its parts; the system becomes an ambiguous item because it consists of several entities that interact with unforeseen results or, in other words, it is situated at a transdisciplinary level, it is impossible for an area to have a complete reading of (...) its complexity. It was also mentioned that the concept of the open system best describes complexity by stating that ‘the laws of the organization are not equilibrium, but an imbalance that is restored or compensated for by stabilized dynamics’. This idea originated from the field of thermodynamics and the second law, in which the imbalance that it maintains allows the system for an apparent balance. This fragile steady state has something of a paradox, since the structures remain the same, but their constituents are changeable. The concept of open system undoes the door to a theory of evolution that can only derive from the interactions between a system and its ecosystem. Within this systemic approach, the focus of the analysis takes into account the ambiguity, multidisciplinary and complexity associated with system adjustment, i.e. it is intended to qualify an employee job based on their experience and knowledge as a measure of their impact on the organization performance. (shrink)

O texto Oração contra Leócrates, da autoria do ateniense Licurgo, remete para um processo judicial ocorrido em 330 a. C., movido a Leócrates, um outro cidadão de Atenas, por traição à polis após a derrota na Batalha de Queroneia, em 338 a. C. Nesta edição, da responsabilidade do Professor Doutor José António Segurado e Campos, optou-se pela tradução do original grego, pela incorporação de textos históricos e historiográficos sobre Licurgo ou as matérias do processo e por esclarecimentos prest...

Carlos Marx y el aporte todavía vigente del marxismo para las ciencias sociales del siglo XXI -- Walter Benjamin y las lecciones de una historia vista a "contrapelo" -- Norbert Elias : historiador y crítico de la modernidad -- El itenerario intelectual de Marc Bloch y el compromiso del intelectual con su propio presente -- (Re) construyendo la biografía intelectual de Fernand Braudel -- Michel Foucault en el espejo de Clío -- Carlo Ginzburg y el modelo de una historia crítica (...) para el análisis de las culturas subalternas -- Immanuel Wallerstein y la perspectiva crítica del "análisis de los sitemas-mundo" -- Edward Palmer Thompson y la "economía moral de la multitud" en el mundo del siglo XXI. (shrink)

This study examines the impact of a social desirability response bias as a personality characteristic (self-deception and impression management) and as an item characteristic (perceived desirability of the behavior) on self-reported ethical conduct. Findings from a sample of college students revealed that self-reported ethical conduct is associated with both personality and item characteristics, with perceived desirability of behavior having the greatest influence on self-reported conduct. Implications for research in business ethics are drawn, and suggestions are offered for reducing the effects (...) of a socially desirable response bias. (shrink)

Research teams have used extra-uterine systems to support premature fetal lambs and to bring them to maturation in a way not previously possible. The researchers have called attention to possible implications of these systems for sustaining premature human fetuses in a similar way. Some commentators have pointed out that perfecting these systems for human fetuses might alter a standard expectation in abortion practices: that the termination of a pregnancy also entails the death of the fetus. With Biobags, it might be (...) possible, some argue, that no woman has the right to expect that outcome if the technology is able to sustain fetal lifeafteran abortion. In order to protect the expectation that the termination of a pregnancy always entails the death of the fetus, Elizabeth Romanis has argued that fetuses sustained in Biobags have a status different than otherwise ‘born’ children. In support of that view, she argues that these ‘gestatelings’ are incapable of independent life. This argument involves a misunderstanding of the gestational support involved, as well as a misapprehension of neonatology practice. Here, we argue that any human fetus sustained in a Biobag would be as ‘independent’ as any other premature infant, and just as ‘born’. Neonatologists would seem to have certain presumptive moral responsibilities toward any human fetus gestating in a Biobag. It remains a separate question whether the perfection and widespread application of Biobags for premature human beings would or should alter the expectation that ending a pregnancy also entails fetal death. (shrink)

O INSTITUTO DA FIDELIDADE PARTIDÁRIA E A SUA APLICABILIDADE NO DIREITO ELEITORAL BRASILEIRO QUANTO À TITULARIDADE DO MANDATO ELETIVO.

We will seek to position certain aspects of Pascal’s speculationfrom an epistemological background. We are going to frame them, moreprecisely, within what is called, in Theory of Knowledge, the traditionof Epistemic Foundationalism. The intention here will be to show thegenesis of the first principles, essential for the entire epistemologicalframework in this tradition, and the consequences arising therefrom.For this purpose, we will compare the pascalian developments with thecartesian ones on the subject. We hope, at the end of the article, to havedemonstrated (...) the strength and novelty of the pascalian solution and the moral desideratum to which it can lead us. (shrink)

Tradicionalmente, las primas de los contratos de seguros se han considerado justas o equitativas cuando se corresponden exactamente con el riesgo de las pólizas, medido este último mediante la esperanza matemática de la siniestralidad. En este artículo llevamos a cabo una crítica de este enfoque aparentemente objetivo y proponemos una justificación alternativa de la denominada equidad actuarial, basada en argumentos contractualistas. Para ello nos apoyamos en ciertas intuiciones de Jean Domat, un jurista francés del siglo XVII, acerca de la incertidumbre (...) compartida, integradas dentro del marco general proporcionado por la teoría contractualista del economista y filósofo contemporáneo Robert Sugden. (shrink)

No presente artigo se apresenta uma análise do conceito marxiano de força de trabalho como uma categoria, um referente ideal geral de natureza teórica, cuja elaboração por Marx potencialmente faculta o rastreamento de traços essenciais para a compreensão crítica do caráter particular assumido pela individualidade nos contornos das formas de sociabilidade do capital. Nesse sentido, a discussão dos textos marxianos, bem como de obras de outros autores que abordam o tema ou questões conexas a este, tem como objetivo enumerar analiticamente, (...) de modo indiciário, as determinações que fazem da força de trabalho livre individual existente como mercadoria do capital uma verdadeira protoforma ou “paradigma” da individuação a partir da modernidade. Para tanto serão tratados quatro conjuntos conceituais, vetores da trajetória desse tipo histórico de elaboração social da individualidade, conforme pode se depreender do estudo das obras de Marx aqui abordadas: 1) a força de trabalho como Daseinsform do capital e força de sua produção; 2) o modo particular de alienação da força de trabalho (Veräußerung); 3) o caráter complexo do “objeto” do qual o capital se apropria; e 4) a relação que o indivíduo tem consigo mesmo como proprietário privado de força de trabalho. (shrink)

This article serves as an introduction to the collection of papers in this monographic issue on “What the European tradition can teach about Corporate Social Responsibility” and presents the rationale and the main hypotheses of the project. We maintain that corporate social responsibility (CSR) is an ethical concept, that the demands for socially responsible actions have been around since before the Industrial Revolution and that companies have responded to them, especially in Europe, and that the content of CSR has evolved (...) over time, depending on historical, cultural, political, and socio-economic drivers and particular conditions in different countries and also at different points in time. Therefore, there is not – and probably cannot be – a unique, precise definition of CSR: one global standard for CSR is unlikely. (shrink)

v. 1. Introducción a la teología moral. La conciencia moral -- v. 2. La violencia, el amor y la sexualidad -- v. 3. Etica y religión.

En el pensamiento de Foucault se encuentra la composición de una nueva noción de crítica, susceptible de aclarar la cuestión de las relaciones sujeto y verdad y la práctica de su propio pensamiento. La crítica puede leerse como modo de ser y como operador del pensamiento, y de un pensamiento que se toma en su existencia misma, no en «función de documento», sino en su «existencia de monumento», como práctica histórico-crítica. Interrogamos: si, para Foucault, no hay práctica alguna exterior a (...) la verdad, ¿el pensamiento es susceptible de definirse como práctica histórico-crítica de la verdad -de la «verdad-ritual»-? (shrink)

In this paper we will examine some ethical aspects of the role that computers and computing increasingly play in new genetics. Our claim is that there is no new genetics without computer science. Computer science is important for the new genetics on two levels: from a theoretical perspective, and from the point of view of geneticists practice. With respect to , the new genetics is fully impregnate with concepts that are basic for computer science. Regarding , recent developments in the (...) Human Genome Project have shown that computers shape the practices of molecular genetics; an important example is the Shotgun Method's contribution to accelerating the mapping of the human genome. A new challenge to the HGP is provided by the Open Source Philosophy , which is another way computer technologies now influence the shaping of public policy debates involving genomics. (shrink)

We introduce a generalization of MV algebras motivated by the investigations into the structure of quantum logical gates. After laying down the foundations of the structure theory for such quasi-MV algebras, we show that every quasi-MV algebra is embeddable into the direct product of an MV algebra and a “flat” quasi-MV algebra, and prove a completeness result w.r.t. a standard quasi-MV algebra over the complex numbers.